Superregenerative frequencymodulation receiver



Dec. 11, 1951 B. D. LOUGHLIN SUPERREGENERATIVE FREQUENCY-MODULATION RECEIVER Filed June 7, 1947 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 AUDIO- 0 FREQUENCY u, AM PLlFlER 0 Fl G.\

N o 7 2 m. N R 2 A R N W M GE 8 F L 3 F W w m W A A w W 0 o o mwnmlr nw l h w INVENTOR. BERNARD D. LOUGHLlN ATTORNEY B. D. LOUGHLIN SUPERREGENERATIVE FREQUENCY-MODULATION RECEIVER Fi l ed June 7, 1947 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 L "P. E BQV IE PIC-3.3

Time

' FIG? i f f f f, f;

I Frequency FIG.4

INVENTOR. BERNARD D. LOUGHLlN BY W ATTORNEY.

Dec. 11, 1951 LOUGHLIN 2,577,782

SUPERREGENERATIVE FREQUENCY-MODULATION RECEIVER Filed June 7, 1947 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 36 0 AUDIO- c I g FREQUENCY o AMPLIFIER 0 AMPLIFIER o 44 0 AUDIO- o FREQUENCY o AMPLIFIER a o AMPLITUDE-G MODULATION RECEIVER a I n AUDIO- o FREQUENCY o AMPL FIER v 4 FIG.||

Poienfial INVENTOR. Time ---r BERNARD D. LOUGHLIN Dec. 11, 1951 B. D. LOUGHLIN 2,577,782

SUPERREGENERATIVE FREQUENCY-MODULATION RECEIVER Filed June 7, 1947 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 AUDIO- o OFREQUENGY? AMPLIFIER o WAVE- l5 SIGNAL Lil-6 AMPLlFlERo l4 '27 i FIGJO INVENTOR.

BERNARD o. LOUGHLIN ATTORNEY Patented Dec. 11, 1951 UNITED STAT SUPERREGENERATIVE FREQUENCY- MODULATION RECEIVER Bernard D. Loughlin, Lynbrook, N. Y., assignor to Hazeltine Research, Inc., Chicago, Ill., a corporation of Illinois Application June 7, 1947, Serial No. 753,237

13 Claims.

q The present invention relates to superregenerative frequency-modulation receivers and, partic'- ularly, to such receivers which utilize superregenerative circuits adapted for operation in the saturation-level mode.

Superregenerative circuits have the desirable characteristics that they provide exceptionally high amplification of a received wave signal yet are of simple and inexpensive construction. They are particularly suitable for the reception of wave signals having relatively high frequencies of the order of 30 megacycles and above. Certain bands in the high-frequency spectrum are allocated to frequency-modulation transmissions.v It has therefore been proposed that superregenerative circuits be employed to receive and amplify frequency-modulated wave signals. The term frequency modulation is used in the present specification and claims for simplicity, but it is to be understood that this term is to be interpreted as including any form of angular-velocity modulation including phase modulation.

One form of superregenerative frequency-mode ulation receiver heretofore proposed has utilized two superregenerators, either synchronously or alternately quenched during successive operating periods, which are coupled to a single tuned circuit or to individual side-tuned circuits. If a single tuned circuit is used, provision is made for periodically resonating the circuit, in synchronism with the operating periods of the superregenerators, at each of two frequencies equally spaced on either side of the mean frequency of the received frequency-modulated wave signal. The use of two tuned circuits permanently tuned to individual ones of the two side frequencies mentioned dispenses with the need for periodically shifting the resonant frequency of a single tuned circuit. In order that the receiver shall develop no output signal at the mean frequency of the received wave signal, corresponding to the condition of zero modulation, the two superregerators are so arranged andadjusted that they develop equal output signals at the wave-signal mean frequency and their output signals are then differentially combined. 7

An arrangement of the type described is disclosed and claimed in applicants copending application Serial No. 655,458, filed March 19, 1946, entitled Wave-Signal Receiver. This receiver in one form employs two linear superregenerative circuits simultaneously or alternately quenched and two detectors individual to the circuits and so controlled that-each-detector is operative during a period corresponding to that of its associatedv regenerator. In another form, the receiver employs two superregenerative circuitsadapted to operate in the saturation-level mode to dispense with the need for the separate detectors required for the linear superregenerators as well as to obtain the benefit of certain advantages created by the saturation-level mode of operation. Side-tuned circuits are employed with the saturation-level mode superregenerators and the latter are so adjusted and operated that the superregenerative frequency-response characteristic of each tuned circuit varies in accordance with a probability function to ensure that the amplitude of the output signal developed by the receiver varies linearily with, the frequency of the received-modulated wave signal. The receiver includes a quench oscillator for simultaneously quenching the superregenerative circuits when operated in the saturatlon-levelmode or when operatedin the linear mode with sidetuned circuits or for alternately quenching the superregeneratorswhere a single tuned input circuit is employed and its resonant frequency is periodically shifted as above described.

A superregenerative frequency-modulation re ceiver operating in the saturation-level mode and separately quenched by a quench oscillator is disclosed and claimed in applicants copending application Serial No. 688,901, filed August '7, 1946, entitled Superregenerative Superheterodyne Wave-Signal Receiver,- now abandoned. In this receiver, the quench oscillator may also generate hereterodyne oscillations and the superregenerator tubes operate simultaneously as modulators and as regenerator tubes to heterodyne a received Wave signal to an intermediate-frequency wave signal and thereafter to provide superregenerative amplification of the intermediatefrequency wave signal. By virtue of the saturation-level mode of operation, the regenerator tubes also derive in their output circuits the modulation components of the received wave signal.

An advantage attributed to the frequencymodulation type of system is that it enables the attainment of a higher signal-to-noise ratio than in an amplitude-modulation system. It is desirable for this purpose that a frequency-modulation receiver be insensitive to undesired amplitude modulation accompanying a received frequency-modulated wave signal. When a receiver possesses this amplitude insensitivity, it is conveniently referred to as having amplitude rejection properties; that is, it has the property of rejecting the amplitude modulation of the received wave signal in favor of its frequencymodis dependent to some extent upon the fact that the output signals of the superregenerators are differentially combined, as by the use of a suitabletransformer or the use of a phas inverter'coupled to one of the superregenerator output circuits.

It would be desirable, however, to provide a superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver in which each of two superregenerative circuits employed therein possessed amplitude rejection properties in order that each superregenerative circuit might possess a high signal-to-noise ratio so that the output signal of either might be used alone when desired. 7

The operating characteristics of superregenerative circuits heretofore proposed may quickly become quite unstable withvariations of operating conditions to which the superregenerative circuits are subjected in operation. For example, the op erating characteristics may substantially change with variations of the valueof conductance of their resonant input circuits dueto antenna loading thereof, or by tuning the superregenerative circuits from one wave-signal station to another of different intensity, by change of the transconductance of the 'regenerator tubes, or by variations of energization of the superregenerative circuits, and the like. A superregenerative receiver adapted to receive amplitude-modulated wave signals and having exceptionally high stability of its operating characteristics over a wide range of variations of operating conditions is disclosed and claimed in applicants copending application Serial No. 753,236, filed concurrently herewith, entitled Superregenerative Receiver, and assigned to the sarneassignee as the present application. The superregenerative circuit of this receiver includes a regenerator tube havingagain control circuit and an output circuit and there is degeneratively included in common to these circuits an impedance which essentially maintains the average output-circuit current ofthe regenerator tube substantially constant with variations of r all of the operating conditions except variations of the regenerization of the superregenerative circuit, for which condition the average anode current is caused to vary proportionately therewith. It would be desirable to providethis high operating stability in a frequency-modulation wave-signal receiver utiliz-.

ing superregenerative circuits.

It is anob ject of the present inventiomtherefore, to provide a new and improved superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver characterized by high stability of its operating charac teristics with variations of operating, conditions to which the receiver is normally subjected in operation.

It is a further object of theinventiontoproe vide a newjand improved superregenerativefre quency-modulation receiver havinga substantially improved ratio of its frequency-modulation response to its amplitude-modulation response'and in the second superregenerative circuit.

circuit exhibits substantial amplitude rejection properties regardless of the fact that an output signal is taken from one or both of the circuits. It is a further object of the invention to provide a self-quenched type of superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver having high sensitivity to the frequency modulation of a received wave signal yet having negligible response to undesired amplitude modulation thereof and one in which this'amplitude. rejection property is. eifected without regard to whether the amplitude modulation has a relatively low or relatively high frequency in the audible range or is of the transient-disturbance. type having frequency components extending over a very wide frequency range including the audible range.

In accordance. with a particular form of the invention, a superregenerative. frequency-modulation receiver comprises a first self-quench type of superregenerative circuit, including a regenerative oscillatory circuit, for operation in the saturation-level mode and having a controlling circuit in Which is derived a control signal varying with a. characteristic of a saturation-level pulse developed in the; superregenerative circuit, and a second. superregenerative circuit including a regenerative osciillatory circuit and a controlled'circuit which controls a pulse developed The controlled circuit is coupled to theaforernentioned controlling circuit and. is responsive to the derived control signalfor rendering. the last-mentioned pulse responsive. to the aforementioned characteristicof the aforesaid. pulse developed in the first superregenerative circuit. The first superregenerative. circuit includes a self-=quench network coupled. to the. second. superregenerative circuit and providing for each of the superregenerative. circuits. alternate. periods of positive and negative conductancein. which the negative conductance periods of the first and second superregenerative. circuits. coincide. over substantial portions. thereof. The. regenerative oscillatory circuits are so proportioned as to havesubstantially. different resonantfrequencies for pr liding for the first and second.superregenerative circuits substantially different superregenerative frequency-response. characteristics to cause the operation of at elast one of. the superregenerative circuits by virtue of. theaforementioned coupling to have an increasedratio of its.frequency-modulation; response to its amplitude-modulation response. r

For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects thereof, reference, is'had to the. following d..- scription taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, andits scope will be pointed outin. the appended claims.

Referring now to the drawings, Fig. 1 isa circuit diagram, partly schematic, representing a complete superregenerative frequency-modulat tionreceiver embodying the present invention in armres represent certain operatingcharacteristics of the Fig. 1 receiver and are used as an aid in explaining its operation; Fig. 5 is a circuit diagram, partly schematic, of a complete superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver embodying the present invention in a modified form; Figs. 6 and '7 are circuit diagrams representing a com-- mon portion of each of the superregenerative circuits employed in the Fig. 1 arrangement and embody modified arrangementsfor attaining a desired control of the operation thereof; Figs. 8, 9 and 10 are circuit diagrams of portions of a complete superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver embodying the present invention in additionally modified forms; and Fig. 11 graphically represents certain operating characteristics of the Fig. 10 receiver.

Referring now more particularly to Fig. 1 of the drawings, the superregenerative frequencymodulation receiver having the circuit diagram there shown comprises a first superregenerative circuit ID for operation in the saturation-level mode, which in a particular instance may be a logarithmic mode. The circuit ID has a controlling circuit in which is derived from at least one energizing current thereof a control effect varying with a characteristic of the saturation-level mode of operation of the circuit 10. As will presently be pointed out in greater detail, the operating characteristic of the circuit --l0 just mentioned may be any characteristic thereof which affects the value of its average energizing current, such as the duration of the saturation level, the quench frequency, or the interval required'for the oscillations of the superregenerative circuit to build up to the saturation-level amplitude. I An additional control effect may if desired be derived by the circuit l0 and is effective to stabilize the operating characteristic of this circuit against variations of operating conditions to which the circuit is normally subjected in operation, such as variations of energization of the superregenerative circuit, changes of transconductance of the superregenerator tube, changes of amplitude of a wave signal applied to the superregenerative circuit, and the like.

The superregenerative circuit Ill is-of the selfquench type and includes a conductance control means comprising aregenerator tube-1'1 having a control electrode'l2 coupled to an input or gain control circuit which includes'a tuned input circuit l3. The latter is coupled to an output circuit of a wave-signal amplifier ll of one or more stages, the latter having an input circuit coupled to an antenna system l5. While the amplifier I4 may comprise simply a'radiofrequency amplifier of one or more stages, it is usually preferable for most applications that the unit ll include one or two stages of radio-frequency amplification followed byan oscillatormodulator or mixer stage for converting the frequency of a received wave signal to a'differ'ent or intermediate frequency. This permits the-unit H to be tuned to any wave-signal frequency within a relatively wide range of such frequencies, as is usually desirable, without requiring that the tuned circuit I3 of the superregenerative circuit 10 be concurrently tuned with the unit M to the desired wave-signal frequency.

The regenerator tube ll includes an anode l6 which is coupled through one-half of the primary winding I! of an audio output transformer |8:to a source of: energizingapotentiahl: indicated as +3. .The regenerator tube I also includes a cathode I9 coupled to a cathode circuitv com-.

prising in series an inductor 20, inductively coupled to the inductorof the tuned input circuit [3, one-half of a center-tapped inductor 2|, anda resistor-condenser network 22. The network- 22 includes two series resistors 23 and 23a across which are connected respective condensers 24 and 24a. The value of the resistor 23 is sufliciently large that a. unidirectional bias voltage developed thereacross, from the average value ofregenerator-tube anode current flowing therethrough, is much larger than that required to bias the regenerator tube to anode-current cutoff; for example, a bias voltage twenty or more times as large as the cutoff bias. The resistor 23 and condenser 24 have a time constant short with relation to a selected range of frequency components appearing in the energy supplied from the source +3 to the superregenerative circuit In yet long with relation to frequency components outside of this range for so regulating the energy supplied to the superregenerative circuit as substantially to stabilize the operating characteristics thereof against variations of the aforementioned operating conditions which tend to modify any frequency component within this range. The frequency range last mentioned preferably includes the audible frequency range extending from zero frequency to a frequency somewhat less than any self-quench frequency of the superregenerative circuit l0, although as will be more fully pointed out hereinafter the selected frequency range may if desired be much more restricted in scope and include essentially only the zero-frequency component of the energizing current supplied. to the circuit 10. The zero-frequency component last mentioned comprises, of course, the unidirectional component of the energizing current. As will become more apparent hereinafter, the network 22 is included in common to the input or gain control circuit and the energizing or output circuit of the regenerator tube II so that the portion 23, 24 thereof provides a degenerative control effect for any frequency component in the selected range of components mentioned. The network portion 233., 24s is a. saturationlevel-duration time-constant network across which is derived the control effect first mentioned above.

There is supplied to the control electrode l2 of the regenerator tube H a positive operating bias having a value slightly less than the positive unidirectional bias developed across the network 22. For this purpose, the lower terminal of the tuned circuit I3 is coupled to a voltage divider which is connected between a source of energizing potential, indicated as +3, and ground and comprises a fixed resistor 25, a selectable portion of a potential-divider resistor 25, and a fixed resistor 21. The potential divider 26 includes a manually adjustable contact 28 which is coupled to ground through a condenser 29 effective to maintain substantially constant the voltage of the contact 28 relative to ground. The lower terminal of the tuned circuit I3 is also coupled through a condenser 30 to the junction of the inductors 20 and 2|, the condenser 30 having a relatively low value of impedance for currents of the frequency of the wave signal applied to the input circuit l3.

.The regenerator tube II also includes a screen electrode 3| energizedfrom a potential source, indicated as +30, and coupled. through a waveatvzrrse signal hy-pass condenser 321170 the junction of; thelca'tho'deinductors 20 and2l. That portion of the primary winding i! of the output transformer-.18 which is included in the energizing circuit ofithe. superregenerative circuit ii} has 5 connected in shunt thereto a wave-signal by-pass condenser 33.

The superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver also includes a second superregenerative v circuit H! of the self-quench type and adapted 10 to operate in thesaturation-level mode, this circuit being. essentially. similar to the superregenerative circuit I and including .similar circuit elements which are identified by similar referencenumerals primed. The input tuned circuit l l3 of the second superregenerative circuit is likewiselcoupled through an amplifier I4; essen tiallysimilar to theamplifier M, to a wave-signal antenna E5. In the second superregenerative circuit iii, the cathode. 19" of its'regenerator 20 tube H is coupled through the inductor 28 and through'an individualhalf 0f the inductor 20 to the network 22 so that the latter is common to the energizing circuits of both the first and second superregenerative circuits. this, the network 22 is effective to cause corre-, sponding .ones of the operating characteristics thereof to vary in opposite senses with the frequency of a frequency-modulated wave signal applied to. both superregenerative circuits while at the same time causing the corresponding operating characteristics to vary together in the same sense with variations of the previously mentioned operating conditions to which the circuits in com.- mon are normally subjectedin operation. particular,"the energizing currents of the superregenerative circuits Iii and iii. are of pulsewave form and the effect of the common network 22 is to cause a pulse characteristic of each of these energizingcurrents to vary in opposite 40 senses with the frequency of the applied wave signal and to vary together in the same sense with variations of the operating conditions. Essentially, the input or gain control circuit :of each of the superregenerative circuits HI and it may be considered a circuit to be controlled, and the output or energizing circuit of the other superregenerative circuit may be considered a controlling circuit in which is derived the control efiects above mentioned. Since the control efiects are developed across the network 22 and since this network is common to all of the input and output circuits of the superregenerative.circuits. m and Hi, the control effects derived thereacross by virtue of the energizing current of one superregenerative circuit are effective in the input or gain control circuit of the other 'superregenera' tive circuit to render an operating characteristic ofthe other circuit responsive to that characteristic of the first superregenerative circuit which causes a variation of the magnitude of the control effects.

At least one of the superregenerative circuits 5 ill and ic'has ancperating characteristicvarying with the frequency of a frequency-modulated wave signal applied to both thereof to cause the operation of at least one of the superregenerative circuits by virtue of the intercoupling provided. by the common network 22 to have an increased ratio of its frequency-modulation response to its amplitude-modulation response. In particular, the operating characteristics last mentioned may be; by way of example, the saturation-level duration or the oscillatory build-up. interval of the one rsuperregenerative circuit... To effecta this; 75

By, virtue of 25 variationeof the --Operating;.characteristic of the I oneiiicircuitwith thgfrequency of .the applied.

wave .signal, the input tuned circuit [3 or 13 of the one superregenerative circuit is tuned to one sideof the nean;frequency of the applied frequency-modulated wavesignal and the other of thetuned circuits l3 or, l3 may then be tuned either to the wave-signal mean frequency or may be tuned to the'opposite side thereof. Preferably,

thetuned input circuits [3 and 13 are tuned to frequencies equally spaced on opposite sides of the mean frequency of the applied wave signal to cause corresponding operating characteristics of the superregenerative circuits lo and It! to vary-in opposite senses with the frequency of the applied wave signal, whereby the operation of eachofthe superregenerative circuits by virtue of the intercoupling provided by the common networks22 has an increased ratio of its frequency-modulation. response to its amplitudemodulation response.-

The audio-frequency output transformer I8 in: cludes a secondary winding 36 which coupled to an input circuit of anaudio-frequency amplifier35'of one or more stages, the latter having an output circuit'coupled to a loudspeaker 36.

In consideringthe operation of thesuperregenerative'frequency-modulation receiver just described,: it will beassumed that the cathoderesistor 23'andcondenser 24 of the network 22 are ornitted'to cause the superregenerative circuit IE to operate as a conventional self-quench circuit andthatthe values of the potential-.divider'resisters-2E, Ziand 2i arercorrespondingly selected to provide a suitable smaller positive'bias for the control electrode 12 of tube J I. It will further be assumed for the momentthat the regenerator tube I I istemporarily'de energized by any suitable means to de-energizethe superregenerative at the moment to the regenerative circuit 10 is ready to beginanew-cycle of its operation and that-there isapplied to its input circuit [3 a wave signal having, an amplitude E, Fig. 2a. Asrepresentedby solid-line curve A, and noting that this curve-is plotted to a decibel scale'on the axle of ordinates, the oscillations in the tuned input circuit .l3rof the regenerative circuit ID are regeneratively. amplified in conventional mannerduringthe oscillatory build-up interval to-fn. The maximumamplitude'of the oscillations is eventually limited by the saturation level Es of the superregenerative circuit which level, as is .well known,. hasa value fixed by the circuit parameters. For reasons which will become moreeapparent hereinafter, the anode current of the regenerator tubes should increase during the saturation-level interval so that establishment of the-saturation level 'Es by anode-current limiting is not desirable. TheEs usuallyis fixed by; the" nonlinearity' of the superregenerative circuit'asin-"many conventional oscillators and by. the action of the-regenerator-tube control electrode becoming-conductive on the positive peaksof the'input-circuit oscillations and draw ing suificientcurrent-as to load the tuned input circuit: The oscillations in the input circuit I3 remain at this maximum amplitude level during:the-saturation-levelinterval tl'-t2 of the superregenerative circuit. At the moment" in the 'superregenerative circuit quenches itself, in

a-,mannerf. presently; to be explained; and the amplitude-of the oscillations in thejtuned input circuit l 3. decreases' exponentially. as :shown: until frat-71,182

' a pulse wave formas represented by the solidline curve C of Fig. 2c.

The manner in which thesuperregenerative circuit effects self-quenching will now be briefly considered. Eachpulse of the anode current, represented by curve C of the regenerator tube I'I charges the:condenser 24a in the" cathode circuit thereof to develop across the condenser a positive voltage. At time t2 the'condenserr24s has been charged sufliciently that the voltagedeveloped thereacross is sufficiently' larger than the positive unidirectional potential applied to the control electrode'l2 of the regenerator tube II from the voltagedivider 25, 26 and 2.1 that the control electrode biases the regenerator tube I I to anode-current cutoff in the presence of the large-amplitude oscillations in resonant circuit I3. This causes the superregenerative circuit II! to be quenched. After an interval 152-154, the condenser 24a discharges through the cathode resistor 23a sufficiently thatthe decreased voltage across the condenser 24aagain permits the regenerator tube II to drawanode current. This terminates onequench'cycle and initiates a new quench cycle of the superregenerative circuit.

The self-quench period of thesuperregenerative circuit is thus established by the sum of the time constant of the condenser 24a and resistor 2311. Therefore, the quench period can vary'only with the oscillatory build-up interval til-t1. In a conventional self-quench superregenerative circuit, the build-up interval effectively becomes shorter with increasing amplitude of the applied wave signal. .This is because the oscillations inits tuned inputucircuit then have increasingly larger initial amplitudes so that lesser intervals of time are required for their amplitude to build up to the saturation-level value. of

amplitude. For example, if it be assumed that in a conventional self-quench circuit the amplitude of the applied wave signal has a larger value E, the oscillatory build-up interval is shortened to the value tot1f. This causes the termination of the saturation-level interval to be advancedv to the moment tz'and the termination of the discharge interval to be advanced to the moment 134'. By virtue of this, it will be apparent that the increasedamplitude of the applied wave signal has caused the self-quench period of the conventional self-quench circuit to be decreased from itsinitial value it4 to a new value tot4'.

Under the conditions assumed; namelythat the circuit ill is operated as a .conventional selfquench-superregenerative circuit, the manner of oscillation" build' up in its tuned input circuit I3 for a wave signal having the amplitude E is now represented by the broken-line curve A, the amplitude'envelope of the oscillations by broken-line curve B, and the anode current of the regenerator tube by the broken-line curve C of Fig. 2.

Thus, in a conventional self-quench type of superregenerative circuit, the quench period decreases with increasing wave-signal amplitude. This decreasing quench period, or increasing quench frequency, causes the average value of anode ourrent of the superregenerative circuit to increase for the reason that there are a greater number of current pulses in a given interval of time. Due

to this variation-of the average value of anode current with the amplitude of the applied wave signal, a conventional self-quench type of superregenerative circuit'is able to derive the modulation components of an amplitude-modulated wave signal. 7 r

Assume now-that the resistor 23 and condenser 24 are included in the network 22 and have'the preferred values above mentioned; namely, that the resistor 23 has a value of resistance suniciently large that the voltage developed thereacross by the average value of space current of the regenerator tube II is very much larger than the cutoff bias of the regenerator tube II, for example of the order of twenty times or more, and that the condenser 24 has a value to provide with the resistor 23 a time constant short with relationto the selected range'of frequency components appearing in the space current of the tube II.

If it be now assumed that the amplitude of the wave signal applied to the tuned'input circuit I3 increases from a value E to the value E, there is an initial tendency to cause a more rapid oscillation build-up corresponding to curve A of Fig.

2a with correspondingly shorter quench period and consequent increase in'the' average value of the anode current. The condenser 24 is able to charge rapidly, over several quench cycles, with any increased value of the average anode current so that the average voltage developed across the condenser 24 likewise rapidly increases. This voltage is applied t the control electrode I2 of the regenerator tube II with such polarity that increasing values of the voltage effect a decrease of the transcondu'ctance of thelatter' tube so that a lesser value of negative conductance is thereupon developed in'the tuned input circuit I3 by'the regenerative action provided by the circuit I0. Consequently, underthe assumed conditions, the oscillations in'the tuned input, circuit I3 build up more slowly in amplitude, as represented by the dot-and-dash curve A of Fig. 2. This causesthe build-up interval to-t1 of the superregenerative circuit to be substantially the same for a wave signal of amplitude E as for a wave signal of. amplitude E. Solid-line curve B thus represents the amplitude envelope of the oscillations developed in the tuned input circuit I3 both for a wave signal of amplitude E and for an amplitude andthe solid-line curve 0 by virtue ofthis the average anode current of the 'regenerator tube II likewise remains substantially constant. Since the average value of the 7 anode current therefore does-not vary with the 11 amplitude of theiapplied wave,signal;:.,the1-superr regenerative circuit I ll :nov longertdevelops inlits output .circuit any;amplitude:modulationcom- ,;,ponents of theiapplied wave signal. That is, the

superregenerative circuiti :Iflis now no; longer reuisponsive to amplitude variations; of, the :applied wave signal and thus exhibits amplitude rejection properties; I

":By asimilar analysisiiit can readily be shown that the network 2241s ,eifectiveso tov control-the ;operation of the superrcsenerative;circuit I ll that .c the average anodecurrent of the regenerator tube II and the average self-quench frequencyof the x'circuit" I 0 are maintained. substantially constant with variations of other operating "conditions to which the superregenerative circuit isnormally subjected in operation. This degenerative control thus stabilizes the circuit Ill for s h Operat- -;ing,conditions,' for example, as'variations of the -,energizing potential +B and variations of the;

Y transconductance of-the regenerator tube II, due toaging orv other causes.

The foregoingdescribed operation of the superregenerative circuit I 9 under the assumption that the superregenerative circuit ID was ole-energized applies in all respects to the operation of the latter when the former is similarly de-energized since the network 22 i common to both superregenerative circuits.

Assume now that both of. the superregenerative circuits -I 0 and II) are concurrently energized, that their respective tuned input circuits I3- and I3- are tuned to individual frequencies-equally 'spacedon either side'of themean frequency of a frequency-modulatedwave signal received,- amv. -plified, andappliedthereto by the respective amplifiers I4 and-I4',,- and that thereceived wave signal is temporarily unmodulated and thushas its mean frequency. Thevsuperregenerative circuits I0 and -III"are initially adjusted for bal- A anced :operation by adjustment of the contact 28 of-the voltage divider 26, balance being established when the average anode currents of the regenerator tubes II and II'- are equal.

When this balanced condition has been estab- V lisherhthe amplifiers I4 and I4 perform the important function of ensuring that any ,noisepo tentialswhich-tend to control the operation of the superregenerative circuits are those; applied by the amplifiers simultaneously to both of the superregenerative circuits, rather than the ran dom noise potentials-of the latter. For-this-purpose, the noise level in theoutputcircuits of the amplifiers I4 and I4 preferablyvshouldbe 20 db to 30 .db above the noise level in eitheroflthe, superregenerative circuits I0 and-I0. The super regenerative circuits each have amplitude rejection properties for suchsimultaneously applied noise disturbances and consequently do not develop the amplitude -modulation components of this noise in their common outputcircuit.

In certain applications, it may be desirable for best signal-.to-noise ratios to use an average quench frequency whichis high relative to the maximum range of frequency deviation, of the, i received wavesignal and to restrict the'band quency-amodulat'ed wave signal. zsinceitwas previously assumed .thatthe; latter is temporarily unmodulated andthusphas :its mean' frequency,

' the-wave-signal amplitudes applied-to the tuned input circuits I3. and I3 ofthe superregenerative circuits have-the same valuerE and the manner of oscillation build-up and decay inthe tuned input circuits I3 and I3are similar and repre- .sentedby: the solid-line curve D of Fig; 3. The

amplitude-envelope characteristic of the oscillations developed in :the resonant circuit I3 is represented in Fig. 3'by 'solid-linecurve E and that of the resonantcircuit I3 by'solid-line curve F,

. solid-line'curves E and F-havingsimilar con- :figurations since'the amplitude'of the oscillation build-up and decay in the resonant circuits I3 and, I3 :is "substantially identical as stated with I reference to'cur-ve D." Thenanode current of the regenerator tube I I'sof the superregenerative circuit III-is as represented by solid-line curve G of Fig; 3* and that: of the regenerator. tube II of the superregenerativecircuit I0 is as represented by solid-line-curve H. "It may be noted that the average value of these currents is made equal by the foregoing described initial adjustment of the potential dividerZt and that the peak amplitudes i1, i2 and pulsedurations tp-l', tip-2 .of the anodecurrent pulses of the respective regenerator tubes II and II are equal, due to, the similarity of the superregenerative; circuits; and circuit. constants and the similar mannerv of oscillation build-up and decay in their tuned input circuits I3 and I3. The manner in which the superregenerative circuits wand Ifl'- are caused-:to; have a synchronous self-quench operation'and hence alternate periods of'positive-and negative conductl ance in which the negative conductance periods of the two superregenerative circuits coincide over substantial portions thereof maywell be considered at this point." It will beapparent that the charge of the condenser 24a, included in common to the cathode circuits of the regenerator tubes II and ll", is :dependent upon the sum of the integrated values of the anode-current pulses .of the regeneratortubes. Expressed mathematically, and neglecting the component of charge provided'by the initiallowValue of anode cur- 'rent which precedes each anode-current pulse,

the increment of-chargeQr due to the anodecur-rentpulses of amplitude 2'1 and duration t -l of the regenerator tube I I is approximately given by the relation:

Si milarly, the increment of, charge Q2 received by the condenser 2%, due to ,the anode-current pulses ofv amplitudefliz, and duration tp2 of the regenerator tubeII; is approximately given by the relation:

p Q2=i2tp-2 (2) When corresponding pulses of the anode currents ;of the regenerator tubes iI and Ii charge the condenser 24;; ,sufiiciently that the voltage developed across the,-1atter biases the regenerator tubes to anode-current cutofflthese corresponding anode-current pulses aresimultaneously terminated. It will be apparent that the total charge of the condenser 24a required to bias the regenerator tubes to cutofi has a constant value K so that, from Equations 1 and 2, the following relation prevails:

,zAiterthe condenser. 24s has; charged sufficiently to bias theregenerator tubes] I and II to anodetubes.

i relation:

'superregenerative circuit l0.

nant characteristics of the input circuits l3 and 13 current cutoff, the charge of the condenser-is dissipated through the resistor 239. until the voltage appearing across the condenser He again permits anode-current flow in the regenerator tubes substantially simultaneously since the bias developed across'condenser 24a is common to the two tubes. It is thus apparent that the quench period t Fig. 3, is constant and given by the i t ,-1 +2 2: -2 X,

where K=an arbitrary constant. It was heretofore stated that the peak amplitudes i1, i2 and the pulse durations t 1, tp-z of the anode-current pulses are made equal by the similarity of the superregenerative circuits and circuit constants.

Under this condition, it is apparent from Equation 4 considered in the light of the foregoing described degenerative operation that the quench period tq also is constant signal applied by the amplifiers l4 and Hi to the respective superregenerative circuits ill and i changes in a direction approaching the resonant frequency of the tuned input circuit l3 of the Due to the resol3', this assumed change of the wave-signal frequency causes the wave signal to be applied with greater amplitude E, Fig. 3, to the superregenerative circuit In and with less amplitude E' to the superregenerative circuit 10'. The manner of oscillation bui1d-up and decay in the tuned input circuit I3 is now as represented by the brokenline curve B of Fig. 3, the amplitude-envelope characteristic by broken-line curve E, and the anode current of the regenerator tube H by broken-line curve G. The latter current now has a longer pulse duration t -i for a reason which will presently become apparent. Since the oscillations in the tuned input circuit 13 reach the saturation-level amplitude Es after a shorter intiation of the quench cycle than it did under ,the conditions first assumed and, in charging, the voltage. developed across the condenser has the. 'efiect of reducing the trans-conductance of theregenerator tube H of the superregenerative circuit Ill. The oscillations in the tuned input circuit l3 of the latter thus start from an initial smaller amplitude E' and build up somewhat more slowly than they otherwise would, so thatthe characteristic of the oscilla- ..;tion build-up and decay in this tuned circuit zisrnow as represented by the dot-and-dash curve D" of Fig. 3. The resultant amplitude-envelope "characteristic of the oscillations in the tuned Current is initiated in both regenerator-= iripu't 'circuit' I3 is as represented by the brokenline curve F, and the anode current of the regenerator tube ll is-now that represented by the increase in average anode current of one regenerator is approximately equal to the decrease in average current of the other so that the termination of the anode-current pulses with relation to time to does not change.

Thus, the assumed change of Wave-signal frequency causes the anode current of the regenerator tube H and that of the regenerator tube II to have pulse durations varying by equal amounts but in opposite senses, that of tube ll increasing and that of tube l I decreasing. Since the quench frequency tq remains constant, as explained above in connection with Equation 4, the assumed change of wave-signal frequency results in an increase of the average anode current of the regenerator tube II and a decrease of the average anode current of the regenerator tube I It is therefore apparent that the average anode current of each of the regenerator tubes H and H varies with the frequency of the applied Wave signal so that the superregenerative circuits Ill and H! are each efiective to develop in their individual output circuits the modulation components of the applied frequency-modulated wave signal. These modulation components may be derived from the output circuit of either of the superregenerative circuits or, as shown in Fig. 1, may be derived in push pull by the use of an output transformer l8 having a balanced primary winding IT. The derivation of the modulation components in push pull, as in the Fig. 1 arrangement, has the advantage only that the amplitude of the modulation signal applied to the audio-frequency amplifier 35 is larger than would be the case from only one of the superregenerative circuits.

In this connection, it may be noted that there is no need to use the push-pull arrangement to balance out undesirable noise-disturbing components since each of the superregenerative circuits has amplitude rejection properties and neither therefore develops in its output circuit any amplitude modulation noise disturbing components of appreciable amplitude. The modulation components derived by the superregenerative circuits I6 and I0 are applied to the audiofrequency amplifier 35 wherein they are amplified and applied to the loudspeaker 3B for reproduction in conventional manner.

tapped inductor 2| -to aid in obtaining this uniform and smooth variation in opposite senses of the anode-current pulse durations over a Wide frequency-deviation range of the received wave signal. The inductor 2| may be considered as doing this by providing somewhat of a cancellation or neutralization of the tendency of the stronger pulsed'superregenerative circuit to decrease the transconductance of the regenerator tube of the other superregenerative circuit.

, curves .M and N.

For this. purpose, it is preferable that;theztwo .halves of the inductor, 2| be relativelytightly coupled with one another. efi'ect, but one not quite as satisfactory, may be obtained by. resistively decoupling-the superrew; generative circuits l9 and I9; namely, by re- A somewhat; similar placing the inductor 2! with a center-tapped resistor each half of which is then effective to provide a small amount of degeneration of the superregenerative circuit in the cathode circuit of which it is included. Where theyfrequency-deviation range of the applied wave signal is relatively small or more limited than the currently used range of 150 kilocycles, the inductor 2! may be dispensed with completely as;

byconnecting the inductors and 20' directly to the ungrounded terminals of the resistor; 23

and condenser 2 This has the effect ofcausing the averageanode currents of the; regenerator tubes H and H to vary more rapidly Withegfl the frequency of the applied wave signal. However, some distortion of the derived modulationcomponent wave form is caused should the applied wave signal deviate in frequency beyond the more limited frequency-deviation; range mentioned.

The frequency-response characteristic of the Fig. l arrangement with the output circuits of the superregenerative circuits IE and it! arranged in push pull is represented by solid-line curve J of,

broken-line curves K and L, one having a reso' nant frequency of value f3 and the other aresonant frequency of value is equispaced on opposite sides of the mean frequency in of the applied wave signal. It may be noted that side responses do not appear as the receiver is tuned on either side of the mean frequency of the applied wave signal. Rather, the modulation signal derived. by the superregenerative circuits simply fades into the noise level, the relative amplitude of which with tuning is indicated by The value ofthe resistor 23:: of the pulse-determining network 23a, 24a may be selected to provide a desired value of negativeconductance slope for the superregenerative. circuits and thus a desired value. of selectivity for the tunedinput circuits i3 and 13 thereof.

, Awave-signal receiver embodying the present invention is characterized by the relatively high sensitivity, for the frequency modulation of a received wave signal, which is exhibited by a separately quenched superregenerative circuit for ordinary amplitude modulation. That is, the receiver sensitivity is much higher than the sensitivity exhibited by a conventional self-quenched superregenerative circuit, the sensitivity of which is comparatively small due to the small percentage of change of the average anode current of the regenerator tube with modulation of a received wave signal.

The self-quench feature of the superregenerative circuits utilized in a receiver embodying the present invention inherently provides a relatively slow rate of change of the superregenerativecir- ,cuit input-circuit conductance during, the oscillation build-up interval. This slow rateofghange of. conductance is, causedby the saw-toothwave superregenerative circuits. A slow rate of change of conductance has the advantage that the selectivity of thesuperregenerative circuit is substantially increased. It has been foundin a particular application using a relatively low quench rate of approximately kilocycles that ceiveremploying a limiter stage.

the selectivity characteristic of each superregentrary to what ordinarilymight be expected, that it produces less radiation of wave-signal energy than in a conventional frequency-modulation re- I The reason for this is that the wave-signal amplitudeusually developed inthe output circuit of a limiter stage forgood limiting action is of the order of to 100 volts. In contrast, the maximum wavesignal amplitude developed in either of the superregenerative circuits employed in a wave-signal receiver embodying the present invention under the same conditions may be of the order of 10 to 20 volts peak and the wave signal has this amplitude only for a'very short interval in each ,quench cycle so that the average wave-signal energy available for radiation over a quench'cycle is very low and much less than in a conventional frequency-modulation receiver.

. Since the average anode currents of the regenerator tubes I i and I I vary in opposite senses with the frequency of an applied wave signal, it will be apparent that differentially combined potentials developed by these currents may be utilized for conventional automatic-frequencycontrol purposes, as by applying the differential potential to an automatic-frequency-control system of conventional arrangement included in the amplifier units It audit, or may be utilized for tuning-indication purposes, or the like. This has the interesting aspect that tubes H and H can be enclosed within one tube envelope in which there is also included a dual tuning-eye electrode arrangement with the fluorescent target thereof positioned at the end of the envelope as in the arrangement of the type SAFBG tuning eye, whereby a single tube provides both a super- -regenerative' frequency-modulation receiver and also a tuning indicator therefor.

In the receiver above described, as well as those hereinafter to be described, it may be desirable to provide separate diode detectors coupled to the tuned input circuits I3, It by which to derive the modulation components of the applied frequency-modulated wave signal, rather than to utilize the modulation components derived in the output circuits of the superregenerative circuits This may be accomplished by utilizing one ortwo averaging detectors in the man- ;ner disclosed Y in applicants copending. application,Serial .No.. 655,453 above mentioned.

the output circuit ,of each of the regenerator 1 tubes II and I I. Itisalso effective t keepthe ,average saturation-level duration substantially constant-with variations of the applied wave-signal, amplitude, variations of energizing poten- "ment.

'tial +13, 'and variations like operating conditions to which :the superregenerative circuits in commen are normally subjected in operation. It will further be apparent that the superregenerative'circuits l andlii are each-responsive-tothe control effect derived across the network'ZZ and that by virtue of this a characteristic of the saturation-level mode of operationof one of the superregenerative circuits is caused for frequency modulation to .vary in opposite sense from the corresponding characteristic of the other if these operating characteristics are the saturationlevel-duration characteristics of the circuits, or to vary with amplitude modulation or B-supply variations in the same sense if the operating characteristics are of thesaturation-level amplitude and oscillatory build-up interval characteristics thereof. a

Fig. is-a circuit diagram, partly schematic, of a complete superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver embodying the present inven tion in a modified form essentially similar to that of Fig. 1, similar elements being designated similar reference numerals and analogous elements by similar reference numerals with the subscript a. Whereas in Fig. l the network 22 is a common pulse-duration determining network for the two superregenerative circuits while at the same time providing audio and direct-current degeneration therefor, the present arrangement is one which separates the functions'of the pulse determining network and the degeneration network. In the Fig. l arrangement,'-the network 22 does not stabilizetheoperating char-- acteristics of the individual superregenerative circuits H and it) except on a composite basis, thereby rendering it desirable to use the potential divider 26 thereof foran initial balance adjust- The present arrangement, on the other hand, is effective to stabilize the superregenerative circuits His and 0a individually against variations of the energizing potential +3, changes of conductance Gm of the regenerator tubes due to aging and the like, slow changes of I the values of the circuit components over prolonged periods of operation, and variations of the applied Wave-signal amplitude. To this'end, the cathode [9 of the regenerator tube I la iscoupied through the inductor 2t and a cathode resistor 23 to ground, while the cathode it of the regenerator tube Ha similarly includes a oath ode resistor 23'. A pair of condensers '45 and '40 are connected in series between the urn grounded terminals of the cathode resistors 23 and 23 and the condenser 2,4 is connected between the junction of the condensers lii'and it and ground. The control electrodes i2 and E2 of the respective regenerator tubes He and HP. have a common bias arrangement comprising the resistors 25a and 21 connected as a voltage divider across the bias source +B, the resistor 25a having a shunt-connected condenser 29a to provide therewith a network common to the superregenerative circuits I [la and its. and effective to control the common pulse durations of the anode-current pulses thereof.

For purposes of illustration, the output circuit of the wave-signal amplifier! 4 is shown as being coupled in common to the resonant input circuits l3;and I3 oithe two 's'uperregenerative'circuits althoughindividual amplifiers may be used if '"desired as in the Figzl arrangement. It was pointed outabove'that the derived modulation components of the applied *frequency medulated waveisignal appearin the output circuit of either of the superregenerative circuits. For-purposes of illustration in this regard, the present arrangement includes an output-circuit transformer 18a for coupling theoutput circuit of the superregenerative circuit '03, to an audio-frequency amplifier 35, while the output circuit of the superregenerative circuit Illa includes a load resistor fil which is coupled by a condenser 42 to the input circuit of an audio-frequency amplifier 23 having its output circuit coupled to a loudspeaker 44.

The operation of the Fig. 5 receiver is essentially similar to that described in connection with Fig. 1 except that the superregenerative circuits a and His have their operating characteristics individually stabilized by their respectivec'athode resistors 23 and 23 against variations of operating conditions which tend to cause relatively slow variations of the average value of their individual anode currents, such as individual changes of'the transconductance of the regenerator tubes. On the other hand, the circuits Illa and 10s have their operating characteristics stabilized in common by the cathode network 23, 23, 24, and 40, 49 against undesired amplitude variations of the frequency-modulated wave signal applied thereto. The network comprising the resistor 25a and condenser 29a is common to the input circuits of the-superregenerative circuits and the condenser 29a thereof is a common pulse-determining element. That is, the condenser 295, receives a charge during the saturation-level intervals of the superregenerative circuits by the action of the control electrodes I2 and I2 in peak rectifying the oscillations developed in their associated tuned input circuits i3 and i3. When the accumulated charge of the condenser 29a becomes sufficient, the bias voltage developed across the condenser is effective to terminate simultaneously the saturation-level intervals of both of the superregenerative circuits by biasing the regenerator tubes He. and lie to anode-current cutoff. Thereafter the charge in the condenser 29a discharges through the resistor 25a during a discharge interval until the voltage across the condenser 29a decreases sufliciently to permit anode current again to flow in the regenerator tubes to initiate a new self-quench cycle. The frequency-modulation components derived in the output circuit of the superreg'enerative circuit Illa are applied. to the audio-frequency amplifier 35 wherein they are amplified and reproduced by the loudspeaker 36. The modulation components derived in the output circuit of thesuperregenerative circuit I69. are similarly applied to the audio-frequency amplifier 33 wherein they are amplified and applied to the loudspeaker M for reproduction in conventional manner.

For some applications, it maybe desirable in an arrangement of the Fig. 5 type to stabilize the superregenerative circuits [Ga and its. individually both for the direct-current component and also for modulation-signal frequency components appearing in their anode currents. This may be accomplished by omitting the cathodecircuit condensers 2 3, it, and 4t and by employing in their place an individual condenser connected across each of the cathode resistors 23 and 23. The latter arrangement provides a resistor and parallel-connected condenser indi vidual to the cathode circuits of the regenerator tubes He and Ma".

Fig. 6 is a circuit diagram of only a portion of a wave-signal receiver of the Fig. 1 "type embodying a' -mo'dified form of the invention-simii9 lar elements of Figs. 1 and 6 being designated by similar reference numerals and analogous elements by similar reference numerals with the subscript b. In the present arrangement, the network 22b includes two network sections by which the pulse-determining functions of the network are controlled by one network section whereas the direct-current degeneration and audio degeneration functions are performed by a second network section. The latter network section comprises the cathode resistor 23 and parallel-connected condenser 24, this network section being coupled in series with the other network section comprising an inductor 46 and parallel-connected condenser 41. The inductor 46 and condenser 41 have values selected such that these elements provide a resonant circuit having a resonant frequency somewhat below one-half of the self-quench frequency of the superregenerative circuits. With such an arrangement, the condenser 41 charges during the saturation-level interval to determine the duration of this interval and thereafter discharges through the inductor 46. When the voltage across the condenser 41. has decreased to a certain value during the discharge interval, the superregenerative circuits begin a new quench cycle of operation. The particular value of voltage to which the condenser 41 has to discharge before a new quench cycle is initiated is determined by the value of positive bias potential applied to the control electrodes of the regenerator tubes and by the voltage developed across the resistor 23 which together determine the self-quench frequency of the superregenerative circuit. The network portion comprising the resistor 23 and condenser 24 has values selected as in the Fig. l arrangement to provide both direct-current and audio degeneration. The condenser 4i may have a value selected to provide a desired slope of the negativeconductance characteristic of the superregenerat tive circuits and thereby a desired selectivity characteristic thereof.

Fig. '7 is a circuit diagram of a portion of a wave-signal receiver of the Fig. 1 type and is essentially similar to the arrangement of Fig. 6, similar elements being designated by similar reference numerals, except that the inductor 46 is connected in series with the condenser 24 across the resistor 23 and condenser 41 in parallel. The operation of the instant arrangement is essentially similar to that of Fig. 6 and will not be repeated.

Fig. 8 is a circuit diagram, partly schematic, of a portion of a complete wave-signal receiver embodyin the present invention in a modified form having features essentially similar to features of the Figs. 1 and receivers, elements of the present arrangement corresponding to similar elements of the latter arrangements being designated by similar reference numerals and analogous elements by similar reference numerals with the subscript c. In the present arrangement, the anodes of the regnerator tubes H and H are energized from the source of energizing potential +B through a series variable resistor 59 and variable shunt condenser 5|. The condenser 290 in the input circuits of the regenerator tubes is of the variable type and is coupled through a switch 52 either to one terminal of the resistor 25c or to the common junction of the resistor 50 and condenser 5|. It was stated in connection with theFig. 1 arrangement that the modulation components of the applied wave signal were developed in the output circuits of each of the superregenerative circuits. It may be mentioned at this point that these modulation components are not only available as variations of the average component of anode current of each regenerator tube as explained in connection with the Fig. 1 arrangement, but are also available as variations of the energy of the quench frequency and quench-frequency harmonic components of the regeneratortube anode currents. For purposes of illustration, the present arrangement thus includes a resonant circuit 53 coupled to the output circuit of the superregenerative circuit We and resonant at the quench frequency or a harmonic component thereof. The resonant circuit 53 is coupled by an inductor 54 to the input circuit of an amplitude-modulation receiver 55 of conventional arrangement, the latter having a loudspeaker 55 coupled to its output circuit.

When the switch 52 of the Fig. 8 receiver is operated to couple the condenser 29c to the resistor 250, this condenser and resistor provide a pulse-determining circuit as described with relation to the Fig. 5 arrangement and provide essentially the same operation as the latter. In this connection, it may be noted that the cathodecircuit elements 23, 24 provide common directcurrent and audio degeneration for the superregenerative circuits Hie and Illa as in the Fig. l arrangement. Operation of the switch 52 to couple the condenser 290 to the junction of the resistor 50 and condenser 5| so changes the circuit arrnagement that the resistor 58 and condenser 5| now become the pulse-determining circuit common to the two superregenerative circuits Hie and Illa, the operation being otherwise essentially the same as though the condenser 29 and resistor 25c were the pulse-determining circuit. The values of the condenser 29, the condenser 5l, and the resistor 50 are, however, some what different when the pulse-determining circuit is included'in the input circuits of the regenerator tubes than when included in their output circuits. For this reason, the latter-named elements are indicated as variable and are preferably mechanically connected for unicontrol operation with the switch 52 as indicated by the broken line 51. The quench-frequency component selected by the resonant circuit 53 is amplitude-modulated in accordance with the frequency modulation of the applied frequencymodulated wave signal, but is not modulated by any amplitude modulation of the latter. The selected quench-frequency component is thus suitable for application to the amplitude-modulation receiver 55, the latter operating to derive the amplitude-modulation components thereof in conventional manner. The operation of the instant receiver is otherwise essentially similar to that described in connection with the arrangements of Figs. 1 and 5 and will not be repeated.

A separately quenched form of superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver is represented by the circuit diagram of Fig. 9. The instant arrangement is essentially similar to that of Fig. 1 and similar circuit elements are designated by similar reference numerals with analogous elements by similar reference numerals having the subscript d. The superregenerative circuits Hid and Hid of the present arrangement are not selfquenched as in the Fig. 1 receiver, but there are applied to the control electrodes I 2 and 12 of the respective regenerator tubes H and II quench oscillations generated by a quench oscillator 58. The present arrangement can have no pulsewidth determining circuit since the quench freamass 2'1 quency must be that established by the quench oscillator 58. The cathode elements 23, 24 therefore provide only direct-current and audio'degeneration as in the Fig. 1 arrangement by controlling the average value of the sum of the regenerator-tube average anode currents. They do this by controlling the oscillatory build-up interval much as in the Fig. l arrangement. The condenser 25 of the instant arrangement must have a value sufficiently large, however, that it does not receive sufiicient charge during the saturation-level interval of the supreregenerative circuits to terminate the saturation-level interval by biasing the regenerator tubes II and l l to anode-current cutoff, but rather the saturation-level interval is terminated by the quench oscillations of the oscillator 58. The operation tially similar to that of Fig. l and will not be repeated.

Fig. 10 represents a circuit diagram of an additionally modified form of the invention, essentially similar to the arrangements hereinbefore described, with the exception that one of the superregenerative circuits operates as a selfquenched circuit to develop a quench voltage which is applied to and controls the other superregenerative circuit operating as a separately quenched circuit. For this purpose, the superregenerative circuit' Hi operates in the selfquench mode with a quench-frequency determining network, comprised by the resistor 21 and condenser 29a, in its input circuit. The anode of the tube He is energized from a source of potential, indicated as +B, through. a voltage divider comprising series resistors 65 and 66. A condenser is coupled across the resistor 66. The resistor 65 and 66 and the condenser 61 comprise a quench-voltage shaping network which is responsive to the anode current of tube Ha to develop across the resistor 66 and condenser Gl a quench voltage having the wave form represented by curve R of Fig. 11.-

The derived quench voltage last mentioned is applied through an inductor 68 and the tuned circuit [3 of the superregenerative circuit We to the control electrode of the regenerator tube Us to effect separate quench operation of this superregenerative circuit. The purpose of the inductor (38 will bedescribed more fully hereinafter. a degenerative cathode-circuit stabilizing network 23, 24. This circuit may be operated in the logarithmic mode, in which event the modulation component are developed in the output circuit thereof and ar applied through a first contact 69 of a switch Til to the input circuit of the audioirequency amplifier 35. regenerative circuit we may be operated in the linear mode. For this mode of operation, an inductor TI is coupled to the inductor oi the tuned circuit I3. The inductor "H is serially included with a rectifier device 12 and anode load impedance T3 in a conventional modulation detector, the output circuit of which is coupled through a second switch contact 14 of the switch 9 to. the input circuit of the amplifier 35.

When the superegenerative circuits [Be and We are both operated in the logarithmic mode, it .is desirable that they reach the saturation level at approximately the same moment to avoid interaction such as otherwise might be caused by the builte-up amplitude of one circuit reaching an appreciable ivalue prior to that of theothercire cuitJ-ssNeglecting'. .for. the I moment the: riunction Alternatively, the superof the present arrangement is otherwise essen- The'superregenerative circuit I08 includes 7 of inductQr GB, this maybe accomplished by suitable selection of the-value of the resistor 23 of the degenerative network'23, '24. If the inductor 68 is not used, the anode currents of the two superregenerator tubes Ila. and He have unequal anode-current pulse durations when the circuits are adjusted as last described. This condition would result in some unbalance of the superregenerative circuit characteristics, such for example as the band width of their input circuits caused by differences in their efiective quench wave shapes.

It is the purpose of the inductor 68 to provide with the condenser 30 a time-delay network by which slightly to delay the application to the circuit we of the quench voltage derived in the anode circuit of the superregenerative circuit '09. The delay providedby this network is selected to have such value that the two superregenerative circuits operating in the logarithmic mode terminate their anode-current pulses at substantially the same moment. When this condition 'is established, the resistor 23 of the degenerative network 23, 24 is then adjusted until the two superregenerative circuits again reach the saturation level at substantially the same moment in their oscillator build-up interval. The anode-current pulses of the superregenerative circuits then have substantially the same pulse durations and occur in substantial'coincidence. The two superregenerative circuits thereupon operate with substantially balanced or uniform operating characteristics.

Assume now that both circuits are operated in the logarithmic mode. When a frequency-modulated wave signal is applied to the superregenerative circuits, deviations of the wave-signal frequency by virtue of its modulation cause their anode-current pulses no longer to have equal pulse durations. The anode-current pulse durations of the superregenerative circuit We remain constant since its saturation-level interval is fixed by its circuit parameters. The anodecurrent pulses of the superregenerative circuit iiie, however, have a duration which increases 7 and decreases from a mean value with deviations of the applied wave signal on either side of its mean frequency. The reason for this may be briefly stated as follows.v Assume that the applied wave signal deviates in a direction from its mean frequency toward the resonant frequency of the tuned circuit G3 to cause the anode current of the regenerator tube I la to reach the saturation-level value sooner than when the wave signal has its mean value of frequency. At the same time, the wave-signalfrequency is more distant from the resonant frequency of the tuned circuit l3 so that the superregenerative circuit Hie saturates later than normal and the quench voltage developed thereby is correspondin ly delayed inpoint of time. This causes the anode-current pulses of tube l a to terminate later than normal. Thus these pulses under the assumed condition are initiatedearlier and terminated later than when the wave signal has its mean value of frequency. Conversely for deviations of the wave signal in the oppcsitedirection, it can be similarly shown that the anode current of tube I la reaches the saturation level later and terminates sooner than when the wave signal has its mean frequency. It consequently isv apparent that the average anode current of the superregenerative modula i n: comp ne t e; were s' ar 23 derived in the output circuit thereof and are applied through the switch contact 69 to the amplifier 35 for amplification and reproduction in conventional manner.

If the amplitude of the applied wave signal increases due to undesirable amplitude modulation, the anode currents of both superregenerator tubes I I8. and I la reach the saturation level earlier but also terminate earlier than in the absence of such amplitude modulation so that the average anode current of the superregenerator We remains relatively unaifected by such amplitude variations. For decreases of wavedsignal amplitude, the anode currents of both superregenerator tubes reach the saturation-level value later and terminate later than in the absence of the wave-signal amplitude 'change and the average anode current again is un" changed. The receiver is thus seen to have good amplitude rejection properties.

Consider now the operation of the arrangement described when the superregenerative circuit I09 is operated in the linear mode, the switch Ill being operated to close its contact 14. Assume that the applied wave signal deviates toward resonance with the input tuned circuit I3. The oscillations developed in the latter then increase more rapidly than normal and their ultimate amplitude is larger due both to the initial larger excitation of the tuned circuit I3 and also to the fact that the superregenerative circuit Ille is quenched at a later moment than when the wave signal has its means frequency. For deviations of the wave signal in the opposite direction, the initial excitation of the tuned circuit I3 is smaller so that the ultimate amplitude of the oscillations developed thereacross is smaller both for this reason and also for the reason that the superregenerative circuit I09 is quenched earlier than when the wave signal has its mean frequency. Consequently, the amplitude of the oscillations developed in the resonant circuit I3 and applied to the detector II, 12 and 13 varies with the instantaneous frequency of the applied wave signal, whereby the modulation components of the Wave signal are derived across the load impedance 13 of the detector and are applied to the amplifier 35.

If the amplitude of the applied wave signal increases when the circuit IOE is operated in the linear mode, the amplitude of excitation of the tuned circuit I3 is larger but the oscillations developed therein are not able to reach a substantially larger amplitude than before the change of wave-signal amplitude due to the fact that the superregenerative circuit Illa is quenched earlier by virtue of the correspondingly increased wave-signal amplitude applied to the circuit Hie. The converse also is true so that the amplitude of the oscillations developed in the tuned circuit I3 has a value varying substantially only with the instantaneous frequency of the applied wave signal and independently of its amplitude.

From the above description of the invention, it will be apparent that a superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver embodying the in-- vention has the advantages of good amplitude rejection and possesses high stability of its operating characteristics with variations of operating conditions to which the receiver is normally subjected in operation. There is the further advantage that the derived output signal may be taken as desired from either or both of the two superregenerative circuits, and desired output signals of quite difierent types may be-simultaneously or selectively taken from individual ones of the superregenerative circuits. At the same time, the receiver exhibits substantial amplitudemodulation rejection properties regardless of the fact that an output signal is taken from one or both of the superregenerative circuits. A frequency-modulation receiver embodying the present invention also has the advantage that the receiver possesses amplitude rejection properties effected by a simplified and inexpensive circuit arrangement. 7

While there have been described what are at present considered to be the preferred embodiments of this invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention, and it is, therefore, aimed to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:

l. A superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver comprising, a first self-quench type of superregenerative circuit, including a regenerative oscillatory circuit, for operation in the saturationlevel mode and having a controlling circuit in which is derived a control signal varying with a characteristic of a saturation-level pulse developed in said superregenerative circuit, a second superregenerative circuit including a regenerative oscillatory circuit and a controlled circuit which controls a pulse developed in said second superregenerative circuit, said controlled circuit being coupled to said controlling circuit and being responsive to said derived control signal for rendering said last-mentioned pulse responsive to said characteristic of said pulse developed in said first superregenerative circuit, said first superregenerative circuit including a self-quench network coupled to said second superregenerative circuit and providing for each said superregenerative circuits alternate periods of positive and negative conductance in which said negative conductance periods of said first and second superregenerative circuits coincide over substantial portions thereof, said regenerative oscillatory circuits being so proportioned as ato have substantially difierent resonant frequencies for providing for said first and second superregenerative circuits substantially difierent superregenerative frequency-response characteristics to cause the operation of at least one of said superregenerative circuits by virtue of said coupling to have an increased ratio of its irequency-modulation response to its amplitudemodulation response.

" 2. A superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver comprising, a first self-quench type of superregenerative circuit, including a regenerative oscillatory circuit, for operation in the saturationlevel mode and having a controlling circuit in which is derived from at least one energizing current of said superregenerative circuit a control signal varying with a characteristic of a saturation-level pulse developed in said superregenerative circuit, a second superregenerative circuit including a regenerative oscillatory circuit and a controlled circuit which controls a pulse developed in said second superregenerative circuit, said controlled circuit being coupled to said controlling circuit and being responsive to said derived control signal for rendering said last-mentioned pulse responsive to said characteristic of said pulse developed in said first superregenerative circuit, said first superregenerative circuit including a selfquench impedance network coupled to said second superregenerative circuit and providing for each ofsaidi superregenerative circuits alternate periods of positive and negative conductance in which said negative conductance periods of said first and second superregenerative circuits coincide over substantial portions thereof, said regenerative oscillatory circuits being so proportioned as to have substantially difierent resonant free quencies for providing for said first and second superregenerative circuits substantially different superregenerative frequency-response characteristics to cause the operation of at least one of said superregenerative circuits by virtue of said coupling to have an increased ratio of its irequency-modulation response to its amplitudemodulaticn response.

3. A superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver comprising, afirst self-quench type of superregenerative circuit for operation in the saturation-level mode and including a regenerative oscillatory circuit and a conductance control means energized from an energizing circuit which includes an impedance effective to derive from the energy supplied to said means a control signal varying with a characteristic of a saturation-level pulse developed in said superregenerative circuit, a second superregenerative circuit including a regenerative oscillatory circuit and a controlled circuit which controls a, pulse developed in said second superregenerative circuit, said controlled circuit being coupled to saidiinpedance and being responsive to said derived control signal for. rendering, said last-mentioned pulse responsive to said characteristic of said pulse developed in said first superregenerative circuit, said first superregenerative circuit including a self -quench network coupled to said second superregenerative circuit and providing for each of said superregenerative circuits alternate periods of positive and negative conductance in which said negative conductance periods of said first and second superregenerative circuits coincide over substantial portions thereof, said regenerative oscillatory circuits being so proportioned as to have substantially diiferent resonant frequencies for providing for said first and second superregenerative circuits substantially different superregenerative frequency-response characteristics to cause the operation of at least one of said superregenerative circuits by virtue of said coupling to have an increased ratio of its frequency-modulation response to its amplitudemodulation response.

4. A superregenerative. frequency-modulation receiver comprising, a first self-quench type of. superregenerative circuit for operation in the saturation-level mode and includinga regenerative oscillatory circuit and a regenerator tube having input and output circuits in one of which is derived a control signal varying with a characteristic of a saturation-level pulse'developed in said superregenerative circuit, a second superregenerative circuit including a regenerative oscillatory circuit and a controlled circuit which controls a pulse developed in said second superregenerative circuit, said controlled circuit being coupled to said one circuit and being responsive to said derived control signal for rendering said last-mentioned pulse responsive to said characteristic of said pulse developed in said first superregenerative circuit, said first superregenerative circuit including a self-quench network coupled to said second superrengenerative. circuit and providing for each of saidv superregenerative cir cuits, alternate periods of positive and negative conductance in which said negative conductance periods of said first and second superregenerative circuits coincide over substantial portions thereof, said regenerative oscillatory circuits being so proportioned as to have substantially different resonant frequencies for providing for said first and second superregenerative circuits substantially different superregenerative frequency-response characteristics to cause the operation of at least one of said superregenerative circuits by virtue of said coupling to have an increased ratio of its frequency-modulation response to its amplitude-modulation response.

5. A superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver comprising, a first self-quench type of superregenerative circuit for operation in the saturation-level mode and including a regenerative oscillatory circuit and a regenerator tube having a cathode-circuit impedance across which is derived a control signal varying With a characteristic of a saturation-level pulse developed in said superregenerative circuit, a second superregenerative circuit including a regenerative oscillatory circuit and controlled circuit which controls a pulse developed in said second superregenerative circuit, said controlled circuit being coupled to said cathode circuit and being responsive to said derived control signal for rendering said lastmentioned pulse responsive to said characteristic of said pulse developed in said first superregenerative circuit, said first superregenerative circuit including a self-quench network coupled to said second superregenerative circuit and providing for each of said superregenerative circuits alternate periods of positive and negative conductance in which said negative conductance periods of said first and second superregenerative circuits coincide over substantial portions thereof, said regenerative oscillatory circuits being so proportioned as to have substantially difierent resonant frequencies for providing for said first and second superregenerative circuits substantially different superregenerative frequency-response characteristics to cause the operation of at least one of said superregenerative circuits by virtue of said coupling to have an increased ratio of its frequency-modulation response to its amplitudemodulation response.

6. A superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver comprising, a first self-quench type of superregenerative circuit, including a regenerative oscillatory input circuit, for operation in the saturation-level mode and having a controlling circuit in which is derived a control signal varying with a characteristic of. a saturation-level pulse developed in said superregenerative circuit, a second superregenerative circuit including a regenerative oscillatory input circuit and controlled circuit which controls a pulse developed in said second superregenerative circuit, said controlled circuit being coupled to said controlling circuit and being responsive to said derived control signal for rendering said last-mentioned pulse responsive to said characteristic of said pulse developed in said first superregenerative circuit, said first superregenerative circuit including a self-quench network coupled to said second superregenerative circuit and providing for each oi? said superregenerative circuits alternate periods of positive and negative conductance in which said negative conductance periods of said first andsecond superregenerative circuits coincide over substantial portions thereof, said regenerative oscillatory circuits being so proportioned as to have resonant frequencies on individual sides. of the mean frequency of a-frequen- 27 cy-modulated wave signal applied to both thereof to cause the operation of at least one of said superregenerative circuits by virtue of said coupling to have an increased ratio of its frequencymodulation response to its amplitude-modulation response.

7. A superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver comprising, a first self-quench type of superregenerative circuit, including a regenerative oscillatory circuit, for operation in the satu ration-level mode and having a controlling circuit in which is derived a control signal varying with a characteristic of a saturation-level pulse developed in said superregenerative circuit, a second superregenerative circuit including a regenerative oscillatory circuit and a controlled circuit which controls a pulse developed in said second superregenerative circuit, said controlled circuit being coupled to said controlling circuit and being responsive to said derived control signal for rendering said last-mentioned pulse responsive to said characteristic of said pulse developed in said first superregenerative circuit, said first superregenerative circuit including a self-quench network coupled to said second superregenerative circuit and providing for each of said superregenerative circuits alternate periods of positive and negative conductance in which said negative conductance periods of said first and second superregenerative circuits coincide over substantial portions thereof, said regenerative osillatory circuits being so proportioned as to have substantially different resonant frequencies for providing for said first and second superregenerative circuits substantially different superregenerative frequency-response characteristics to cause the operation of at least one of said superregenerative circuits by virtue of said coupling to have an increased ratio of its frequency-modulation response to its amplitude-modulation response, and means responsive to the energizing current of at least one of said superregenerative circuits for stabilizing the operating characteristics of at least said one superregenerative circuit against variations of operating conditions to which said receiver is normally subjected in operation.

8. A superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver comprising, a first self-quench type of superregenerative circuit for operation in the saturation-level mode and including an energizing source therefor, a regenerative oscillatory circuit and means responsive to any frequency component in a selected range of frequency components appearing in the energy supplied from said source to said circuit yet having much less response to frequency components outside of said range for so regulating the energy supplied to said circuit as substantially to stabilize the operating characteristics of said circuit against variations of operating conditions which tend to modify any frequency component in said range, a second superregenerative circuit energized from said source for operation in the saturation-level mode and including a regenerative oscillatory circuit and a circuit to be controlled coupled to said means for so regulating the energy supplied from said source to said second circuit as substantially to stabilize the operating characteristics of said second circuit against variations of operating conditions which tend to modify any frequency component in said range, a control circuit common to said superregenerative circuits for controlling a characteristic of energizing-current pulses thereof to maintain a substantially constant average value of said last-mentioned characteristic and for providing for each of said first and second superregenerative circuits alternate periods of positive and negative conductance in which said negative conductance periods of said first and second superregenerative-circuits coincide over substantial portions thereof, said regenerative oscillatory circuits beso proportioned as to have substantially different resonant frequencies for providing for said first and second superregenerative circuits substantially different superregenerative frequency-response characteristics to cause the operation of at least one of said superregenerative circuits by virtue of said coupling to have an increased ratio of its frequency-modulation response to its amplitude-modulation response.

9. A superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver comprising, a first self-quench type of superregenerative circuit for operation in the saturation-level mode and including an energizing source therefor and a regenerative oscillatory circuit, a resistor and effectively parallel c'on nected condenser included in the energizing circuit of said superregenerative circuit and having a time constant short with relation to a selected range of frequency components appearing in the energy supplied from said source to said superregenerative circuit yet long with relation to frequency components outside of said range for so regulating the energy supplied to said super' regenerative circuit as substantially to stabilize the operating characteristos thereof against variations of operating conditions which tend to modify any frequency component in said range, a second superregenerative circuit energized from said source for operation in the saturation-levei mode and including a regenerative oscillatory circuit and a circuit to be controlle coupled to said resistor and condenser and responsive to a control signal derived thereacross for so regulating the energy supplied to said second superregenerative circuit as substantially to stabilize the operating characteristics thereof against variations of operating conditions which tend to modify any frequency component in said range, a control circuit common to said superrgenerative circuits for controlling a characteristic of energizingwurrent pulses thereof to maintain a substantially constant average value of said lastmentioned characteristic and for providing for each of said first and second superregenerative circuits alternate periods of positive and negative conductance in which said negative conductance periods of said first and second su erregenerative circuits coincide over substantial portions thereof, said regenerative oscillatory circuits be} ing S0 proportioned as to have substantially dif ferent resonant frequencies for providing for said first and second superregenerative circuits substantially difierent superregenerative frequencyresponse characteristics to cause the operation of at least one of said superregenerative circuits by virtue of said coupling to have an increased ratio of its frequency-modulation response to its am plitude-modulation response.

10. A superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver comprising, a first self-quench type of.- superregenerative circuit, including a regenerative oscillatory circuit, for operation in the sat-- uration-level mode and having a controlling cir-- cuit in which is derived a control signal varying with the self-quench frequency of said superregenerative circuit, and a second superregenerative circuit for operation in the saturation-level mode and including a regenerative oscillatory circult and. a controlled circuit which controls a pulse developed in said second superregenerative I circuit, said controlled circuit being so coupled to said controlling circuit as in response to said derived control signal to provide for said first and second superregenerative circuits alternate periods of positive and negative conductance in which said negative conductance periods of said first and second superregenerative circuits coincide over substantial portions thereof, said regenerative oscillatory circuits being so proportioned as to have substantially different resonant frequencies for providing for said first and second superregenerative circuits substantially different superregenerative frequency-response characteristics to cause the operation of at least one of said superregenerative circuits by virtue of said coupling to have an increasedratio of its frequency-modulation response to its amplitudemodulation response,

11. A superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver comprising, a first self-quench type of superregenerative circuit includingoa regenerative oscillatory circuit and a saturation-level-duration controlling time-constant network across which is derived a control signal varying with a saturation-level pulse characteristic of said superregenerative circuit, a second superregenerative circuit, including a regenerative oscillatory circuit, for operation in the saturation-level mode and having a saturation-level control circuit which controls a pulse developed in said second superregenerative circuit, said control circuit being so coupled to said network as in response to said derived control signal to render a characteristic of said last-mentioned pulse responsive to said pulse characteristic of said first superregenerative circuit and to provide for said first and second superregenerative circuits alternate periods of positive and negative conductance in which said negative conductance periods of said first and secondsuperregenerative circuits coincide over substantial portions thereof, said regenerative oscillatory circuits being so proportioned as to have substantially different resonant frequencies for providing for said first and second superregenerative circuits substantially diiferent superregenerative frequency-response characteristics to cause the operation of at least one of said superregenerative circuits by virtue of said coupling to have an increased ratio of its frequency-modulation response to its amplitudemodulation response.

12. A superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver comprising, a first self-quench type of superregenerative circuit including a regenerative oscillatory circuit and a saturation-levelduration controlling time-constant network across which is derived a control signal varying with a saturation-level pulse characteristic of said superregenerative circuit, and a second self-quench type of superregenerative circuit for operation in the saturation-level mode and including a regenerative oscillatory circuit and said time-constant network in common with said first superregenerative circuit for causing the magnitude of said control signal to vary with the combined values of corresponding saturationlevel pulse characteristics of said first and second superregenerative circuits, and for providing for portions thereof, said regenerative oscillatory circuits being so proportioned as to have substantially different resonant frequencies for providing for said first and second superregenerative circuits substantially difierent superregenerative frequency-response characteristics to cause the operation of at least one of said superregenerative circuits by virtue of said coupling to have an increased ratio of its frequency-modulation response to its amplitude-modulation response.

13. A superregenerative frequency-modulation receiver comprising, a first self-quench type of superregenerative circuit for operation in the saturation-level mode and including a regenerative oscillatory circuit and a regenerator tube having a cathode-circuitresistor and parallel-connected condenser across which there is derived a control signal varyingwith a characteristic of a saturation-level pulse developed in said superregenerative circuit, said control signal beingeiiective to maintain the average self-quench frequency of said superregenerative circuit substantially constant with variations of the amplitude of a irequency-modulated wave signal applied thereto and substantially constant with variations of operating conditions to which said superregem erative circuit is normally subjected in operation, and a second self-quench type of superregenerative circuit, including a regenerative oscillatory circuit, for operation in the saturation-level mode and having a controlled circuit which controls a pulse developed in said second superregenerative circuit, said controlled circuit being so coupled to said controlling circuit as in response to said derived control signal to provide for said first and second superregenerative circuits alternate periods of positive and negative conductance in which said negative conductance periods of said first and second superregenerative circuits coincide over substantial portions thereof and to stabilize the operating characteristics of said second superregenerative circuit against variations of said operating conditions,

said regenerative oscillatory circuits being so proquency-modulation response to its amplitudemodulation response.

BERNARD D. LOUGHLIN.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,899,684 Haigis Feb. 28, 1933 2,212,182 Paddle Aug. 20, 1940 2,230,465 McAllister Feb. 4, 1941 2,351,193 Crosby June 13, 1944 2,363,651 Crosby Nov. 28, 1944 2,373,616 Sziklai Apr. 10, 1945 2,412,710 Bradley Dec. 17, 1946 2,416,794 Crosby Mar. 4, 1947 OTHER REFERENCES Radio Detectors for F. M. Receivers, Radio, stirrer Hi Pag 9 and 

